Connection between Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Associated Factors and Implications
Breast and ovarian cancers have a notorious link, largely due to genetic factors that make one more susceptible to both. This is especially true for individuals carrying mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, referred to as the speedbump champions of cancer.
Both types of cancer share some common underlying risks. Age, weight, and reproductive history are a few factors that contribute. Aging is the infamous facilitator for both cancers, typically occurring in people over 40 for ovarian cancer and those aged 55 or older for breast cancer. Overweight and obesity, often the sneaky perpetrators, may trigger higher estrogen levels, which can hike up the breast cancer risk. Those with a first pregnancy over 30 or who never have children might also be more prone to these cancers. Breastfeeding, on the other hand, could offer some protection.
So, yeah, you got it! People who've survived breast cancer might have an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer. This is especially true if their breast cancer has BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. The increased risk here is owing to the underlying genetic factors, not the disease itself. Then again, those battling ovarian cancer could have an increased risk of developing breast cancer, under the influence of genetic mutations.
My guess is, people with breast cancer are approximately twice as likely to develop subsequent primary ovarian cancer. For folks diagnosed with ovarian cancer, they might face a 1.6-fold increased risk of subsequent breast cancer. However, the risk varies with time since their first cancer diagnosis.
A range of factors can contribute to the risk of both cancers, but BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations are the most significant common denominator. Around 40% of families with ovarian and breast cancer have BRCA1 gene mutations, while 20% have BRCA2 mutations [source 1].
Reducing the Risk of Breast and Ovarian Cancer
While certain risk factors, like having already battled breast or ovarian cancer, can be unchangeable, others can be managed through methods like monitoring, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, preventive medical procedures.
Genetic testing for BRCA1, BRCA2, and other relevant mutations is the wise compass for monitoring and prevention. People carrying genetic mutations might be considered for additional options such as prophylactic surgeries, which involve removing organs or tissues to prevent the occurrence or spread of cancer.
Some risk factors, like weight and exercise, can be influenced. A moderate weight and regular physical activity can reduce the risk of both breast and ovarian cancer. Alcohol consumption and oral contraceptives may also play a part, and discussing these with your doctor can help weigh the risks and benefits based on your circumstances.
Outlook
A 2020 observational study revealed that people with both primary breast cancer and primary ovarian cancer had relatively positive long-term outlooks, with 5- and 10-year overall survival rates of around 90%. An extended interval between the two diseases may result in a more favorable prognosis. However, ovarian cancer following breast cancer is more likely to be diagnosed later, which can negatively impact survival.
Several factors can influence a person's outlook, and speaking with your healthcare team can provide more personalized information.
When to Speak with a Doctor
Vigilance is key when it comes to dealing with these cancers. Anyone noticing signs or symptoms or those with a personal or family history of these diseases should speak with a doctor. Keeping a watchful eye for recurrence and prompt treatment is critical for improving outcomes after a previous diagnosis.
Resources
Explore more cancer-related information and resources here.
Commonly Asked Questions
People with ovarian cancer might also face an increased risk for the following cancers:
- bladder cancer
- bile duct cancer
- colorectal cancer
- acute leukemia
- melanoma of the eye
Breast cancer may spread (metastasize) to the ovaries, although it's relatively uncommon. This usually takes place in individuals with advanced breast cancer. The likelihood may be higher in breast cancers that are hormone receptor-positive or in people with BRCA mutations.
Folks at high risk of ovarian cancer include those with BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations, a family history of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer, Lynch syndrome, endometriosis, never having been pregnant, having a late first pregnancy, and being aged 40 or older [source 2].
Summary
Breast and ovarian cancers have a strong connection, primarily due to shared genetic mutations, particularly in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The presence of one cancer can indicate a higher risk for the other due to shared genetic and hormonal risk factors.
People carrying genetic mutations might be at a higher risk, and genetic testing, monitoring, and preventive measures can be crucial for high-risk individuals.
[[1] Summary of the National Cancer Institute's Fact Sheet on Breast and Ovarian Cancer Risk \<2021>]
[[2] Genetic Mutations and Cancer Risk: BRCA1, BRCA2, and Lynch Syndrome, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 2019]
- The link between breast and ovarian cancers is largely due to genetic factors, particularly the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.
- Those who have survived breast cancer might have an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer, especially if their breast cancer had BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations.
- For individuals diagnosed with ovarian cancer, they may face a 1.6-fold increased risk of subsequent breast cancer.
- Both breast and ovarian cancer share common underlying risks, such as age, weight, and reproductive history.
- Genetic testing for BRCA1, BRCA2, and other relevant mutations is crucial for monitoring and prevention.
- People with breast cancer are approximately twice as likely to develop subsequent primary ovarian cancer, and this risk can vary with time since the first cancer diagnosis.
