Connection between Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Identified Links and Risk Factors
The Link Between Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Explored
Breast and ovarian cancer share a significant bond, primarily due to common genetic factors. The relationship is bolstered for individuals carrying mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.
That's the gist, but let's delve a bit deeper.
People with genetic predispositions may face an increased risk of both cancers. Beyond the well-known BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, other genes such as PALB2, CHEK2, ATM, CDH1, STK11, TP53, and a Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) also play a role in elevating the risk of breast and ovarian cancer [1].
Apart from genetics, reproductive and hormonal factors, lifestyle choices, family history, and radiation exposure can also contribute to the risk of breast cancer [4].
Do Breast and Ovarian Cancer Influence Each Other?
Research indicates that people who have battled breast cancer might experience an increased risk of ovarian cancer. This surge in risk is most pronounced with breast cancers linked to genetic mutations, such as BRCA1 or BRCA2. However, this heightened risk stems from the underlying genetic factors rather than the disease itself [5].
People with ovarian cancer may also witness an increased risk of breast cancer, although this risk varies with the passage of time since their initial diagnosis. The increased risk could be attributed to shared genetic mutations [5].
Shared Risk Factors for Breast and Ovarian Cancer
Beyond genetics, common risk factors include:
- Family history of either cancer
- Older age (typically ovarian cancer occurs over 40 years, while breast cancer is mainly prevalent after 55)
- Overweight or obesity
- First child born after age 30
- Never having children
- Lack of breastfeeding
- Hormone therapy post-menopause
Can People Reduce the Risk of Breast and Ovarian Cancer?
While some risk factors, such as a history of breast or ovarian cancer, are beyond control, others can be managed. For instance, people can endeavor to achieve and maintain a moderate weight, participate in regular exercise, moderate alcohol intake, and weigh contraceptive options with their healthcare providers [5].
Outlook and Further Considerations
A 2020 observational study suggested that individuals diagnosed with both primary breast and ovarian cancer enjoyed relatively positive 5- and 10-year survival rates, around 90% [6]. The outlook appears more optimistic when the gap between the two diagnoses is extended. However, ovarian cancer following breast cancer often involves a later stage diagnosis, which may affect survival.
Age during the first cancer diagnosis and the timeframe between the two diagnoses significantly impact the overall survival [6]. For those interested in learning more about their personal outlook, discussing their concerns with their healthcare team is advisable.
When to Consult a Doctor
Individuals experiencing signs or symptoms of breast or ovarian cancer, particularly with a personal or family history, should consult a doctor promptly. Vigilance for signs of recurrence or a second cancer is essential following a prior diagnosis of breast or ovarian cancer [6].
Resources for Cancer Information
Discover more evidence-based information and cancer resources at our dedicated hub [7].
Frequently Asked Questions
Besides ovarian cancer, individuals with ovarian cancer might be at an increased risk for other cancers, such as bladder cancer, bile duct cancer, colorectal cancer, acute leukemia, and melanoma of the eye [7].
Breast cancer can metastasize (spread) to the ovaries, although such occurrences are uncommon. This spread is more likely in hormone receptor-positive breast cancers or those with BRCA mutations [7].
Individuals at high risk for ovarian cancer include those with BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations, a family history of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer, Lynch syndrome, endometriosis, those who have never been pregnant, late first pregnancies, or are over 40 years [7].
Conclusion
Genetic and non-genetic factors play a significant role in the relationship between breast and ovarian cancer. Recognizing these risk factors is crucial, as it can help optimize screening, prevention strategies, and overall management of these cancers.
Staying vigilant and engaged in your health journey is key to catching and treating these cancers early, improving your outlook and long-term prognosis.
- People carrying mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a higher risk of developing both breast and ovarian cancer.
- The relationship between breast and ovarian cancer is influenced by common genetic factors, such as PALB2, CHEK2, ATM, CDH1, STK11, TP53, and a Polygenic Risk Score (PRS).
- Family history of either breast or ovarian cancer, older age, obesity, late childbirth, never having children, lack of breastfeeding, and hormone therapy post-menopause are common risk factors for both breast and ovarian cancer.
- People who have previously been diagnosed with breast cancer might experience an increased risk of ovarian cancer, while the reverse is also true, although the risk varies with time.
- Managing risk factors like maintaining a moderate weight, regular exercise, moderate alcohol intake, and discussions with healthcare providers about contraceptive options can help reduce the risk of breast and ovarian cancer.
- Although a history of breast or ovarian cancer is beyond one's control, awareness of symptoms and frequent consultations with doctors for screening and treatment can improve the prognosis of breast and ovarian cancer in patients.
